法人、法定代表人、法人代表、法人代表人
“法人”、“法人代表”、“法定代表人”、“法人代表人”是我们常常会看到、听到的四个词。这是四个完全不同的概念，可现实生活中很多人却常常搞不清楚它们的区别，甚至有人根本就不明白什么意思！于是我们看到：很多老板的名片，有写“某公司某某法人”的，有印着“某公司法人某某某”的，有打着“某公司某某某法人代表”、“某公司法人代表某某”的；安徽某酒厂在京九线火车里打广告，既卖酒，又卖老板——“某某酒，天长地久，法人锁某某！”；很多新闻媒体甚至包括不少法制媒体也经常出现“某某公司法人代表”、“某某是某公司法人”的字眼。其实他们都是想表达“某某人是某单位当然的代表人”之意，只不过他们都没有搞清楚上述四个概念的涵义！
还记得冯小刚电影《大腕》里葛优是如何给“法人”下定义的吗？“什么是法人？法人就是被绳之以法的人！”，听来让人不禁喷饭！对“法人”这个词，我们首先要搞清楚，法人不是指一个个体的人，而是一个组织，一个有独立法律人格的法律拟制人。我国《民法通则》第三十六条规定：“法人具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力、依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织”、第三十七条规定，一个法人应当具备下列条件：（1）依法成立；（2）有必要的财产或经费；（3）有自己的名称、组织机构和场所；（4）能独立承担民事责任。因此，法人是专用的法律概念，法人是指一个组织，而不是指一个个体的人；其次，法人不是一个职位或职务，不能加在人名前后用来表明自己的身份，如果这点都不清楚，那就会象安徽那家酒厂广告一样，让人笑掉大牙的！
了解法人这个法律概念，就必然会涉及到另一个法律概念，即“法定代表人”。法定代表人是专指法人这个组织的当然代表，是根据法律或章程的规定，代表法人行使职权的负责人。如公司的董事长（不设董事会公司的执行董事）和经理、协会的会长、国营企业的厂长、学校的校长、行政机关的首长等等。法人的法定代表人是企事业单位、机关、团体及其他经济组织的主要行政负责人，一般指法人的正职负责人。那些在名片和广告上某某人姓名前后加上“法人”、“法人代表”的，不正是为了向他人表明自己是某个单位的正职负责人吗？
法人代表和法人代表人两个概念，并非是法律概念，只是用的人多了，也就成了概念，至今没有哪位给定义，因而，对这两个词只能作字面解释。在笔者看来，这两个词应该是同义词（也有学者认为法人代表人和法定代表人是同义词，但笔者不敢苟同），从两个词的字面意思理解，都应是指经法人授权代表法人处理法人某项特定事务的人。也许有人会疑惑了：这和法定代表人的职能不是一样吗？有什么区别吗？有，区别就在于“法定”这个词上，法定代表人的职权是被法律或章程授予的，从产生之日起就具备代表法人的权利，无须另行授权，且根据法律规定，法定代表人在职权范围内从事的活动，都可视为该法人的行为，因为法定代表人是法人的当然代表。而法人代表或法人代表人呢？其权利是基于法人的临时授权取得，是处理法人的某一项事务时的代表，而不是当然的代表，准确用法律概念来定义，“委托代理人”或者“受委托人”是比较贴切的。因此，千万别混淆了“法定代表人”和“法人代表”，本来自己是一个法人单位的当然代表（通常还是老板哦！），想显示一下，因为自称是“法人代表”，一下子就被别人以为是老板的打工仔了，岂不超级郁闷！
弄清这几个概念很重要，弄清概念才能了解自己的职责，特别是对一个法人的法定代表人来说，这个当然的代表可不是那么好当的！法定代表人，意味着你是这个法人的首要责任人，我国《刑法》第三十一条规定：“单位犯罪，对单位判处罚金，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他责任人员判处刑罚”，同时，《刑法》还规定了六十多项法人犯罪，均要追究负责人的刑事责任！如果概念不清楚，职责不清楚，法人一旦违法被追究刑责，自己作为法定代表人，也难逃刑事责任，那时，可真的就成了“被绳之以法的人”了！
作者简介：
张琼方 男 毕业于南昌大学法学院法学专业，后就读于中国政法大学民商经济法专业研究生班。现为北京市炜衡律师事务所深圳分所高级合伙人律师、深圳市科技工作者法律维权中心特聘顾问律师，长期从事公司、知识产权、房地产实务和理论研究。
联系地址：深圳市深南大道大庆大厦33层北京市炜衡律师事务所深圳分所，e-mail：zqf886@yahoo.com.cn 邮编：518040， 联系电话：13509619961。
中外合资、合作经营企业机电产品以产顶进管理办法(附英文)(已废止)
国家经委
中外合资、合作经营企业机电产品以产顶进管理办法(附英文)
1987年10月7日，国家经委
第一条 根据国务院批准由国家计委发布的《关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法》的有关规定，特制订本办法。
第二条 凡具备下列各项条件的企业，可以申请将其产品列入《机电产品以产顶进目录》（以下简称目录）：
1、能够提供国内需要的先进技术，从事新产品开发，实现产品升级换代的中外合资、合作经营企业（以下简称企业），因外汇平衡出现暂时困难，需要给予扶持的；
2、企业生产的机电产品与国外同类产品的性能和质量相同，能满足国内用户的需要，售价不高于国外同类产品进口价（完税后价格）的；
3、企业生产的机电产品属于国内用户需要进口的；
4、企业按批准的合同履行外销责任。
第三条 凡要求产品以产顶进的中外合资、合作经营项目，应在报批可行性研究报告时对以产顶进的可行性进行充分的论证和评估。
第四条 企业投产后，其产品符合上述第二条的规定要求列入国家以产顶进目录的，由企业向产品归口部门提出申请，抄报国家经委、经贸部和当地经委。申请时，须附送机电产品以产顶进申请表、产品质量证明文件、市场需求预测的调查报告，由产品归口部门审核签署意见，报国家经委会同国家外汇管理局审批，审批时间一般不超过两个月，并由国家经委公布实施。
第五条 需要目录内产品的用户可直接向企业订货，或由中国机电设备招标中心（或经国家经委批准的招标公司）按国家有关规定在国内组织招标，指导用户在国内选购，以代替进口。
第六条 企业销售国家以产顶进目录内的机电产品，经外汇管理部门批准，允许收取部分外汇，并要依据合同或可行性研究报告规定的国产化进度逐年递减。
第七条 企业生产国家以产顶进目录内的机电产品需要进口的散件、零部件、元器件、配套件和原材料，可由海关作为保税货物监管。国内用户直接从国外进口这类机电产品时享受减免进口税待遇的，企业生产的同类机电产品如售给这些用户时，所进口的料、件也可享受同样的减免税待遇。
第八条 本办法由国家经委负责解释。
第九条 本办法自公布之日起施行。
国家经委同时还公布了第一批机电产品以产顶进目录：一是ＳＰＥＣＴＲＵＭ－－集中分散型控制系统（含现场输入、输出装置，每站1024ＢＩＴ数据采集装置，顺序控制、编程控制装置，ＣＲＴ操作站，工业控制机），生产企业是上海福克斯波罗有限公司；二是ＭＩＣＯＮＩＣ－－Ｂ 交调电梯（额定速度1．6Ｍ／Ｓ，载重1000ＫＧ），生产企业是中国迅达电梯公司上海电梯厂。
MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE SUBSTITUTION OF MACHINERY ANDELECTRICAL APPLIANCES MANUFACTURED BY CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VEN-TURES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN CONTRACTUAL JOINT VENTURES FOR SIMILAR IMPORTEDPRODUCTS
Important Notice: (注意事项)
英文本源自中华人民共和国务院法制局编译, 中国法制出版社出版的《中华人民
共和国涉外法规汇编》(1991年7月版).
当发生歧意时, 应以法律法规颁布单位发布的中文原文为准.
This English document is coming from "LAWS AND REGULATIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA GOVERNING FOREIGN-RELATED MATTERS" (1991.7)
which is compiled by the Brueau of Legislative Affairs of the State
Council of the People's Republic of China, and is published by the China
Legal System Publishing House.
In case of discrepancy, the original version in Chinese shall prevail.
Whole Document (法规全文)
MEASURES FOR THE CONTROL OF THE SUBSTITUTION OF MACHINERY AND
ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES MANUFACTURED BY CHINESE-FOREIGN EQUITY JOINT VEN-
TURES AND CHINESE-FOREIGN CONTRACTUAL JOINT VENTURES FOR SIMILAR IMPORTED
PRODUCTS
(Approved by the State Council and promulgated by the State Econo-
mic Commission on October 7, 1987)
Article 1
These Measures are formulated in accordance with the pertinent provisions
in Procedures for the Substitution of Products Manufactured by Chinese-
foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Chinese-foreign Contractual Joint
Ventures for Similar Imported Products, approved by the State Council and
promulgated by the State Planning Commission.
Article 2
Enterprises which satisfy the following conditions may make an application
for the inclusion of their products in the Catalogue of the Substitution
of Home-made Machinery and Electrical Appliances for Similar Imported
Products (hereinafter referred to as the "Catalogue"):
(1) Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual
joint ventures (hereinafter referred to as "the enterprises"), which are
capable of providing advanced technology that satisfies domestic needs,
and are engaged in the development of new products, thereby realizing the
upgrading of products and the replacement of old products with new ones,
but which are at present confronted with the temporary difficulties of an
imbalance in foreign exchange and are badly in need of support;
(2) the machinery and electrical appliances manufactured by the
enterprises are the same in performance and quality as similar products
produced in foreign countries, they can satisfy the needs of domestic
users, and their prices (the prices after taxation) are no higher than the
prices of similar imported products produced abroad;
(3) the machinery and electrical appliances manufactured by the
enterprises are in the categories that the domestic users want to import;
(4) the enterprises execute their obligations to export products in
accordance with the approved contracts.
Article 3
Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures and Chinese-foreign contractual
joint ventures, which apply for the substitution of their products for
similar imported foreign goods, shall prove by an ample demonstration and
appraise the feasibility of substituting their products for similar
imported ones at the time when they submit their feasibility studies
report for examination and approval.
Article 4
After the enterprises have gone into production, if their products are in
conformity with the stipulations of Article 2 mentioned above and they
request to have their products included in the State catalogue of the
substitution of home-made products for similar imported ones, the
enterprises shall make an application to the department concerned, and
submit duplicates of the application separately to the State Economic
Commission, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade, and the
local economic commission. The application shall be accompanied with an
application form for the substitution of home-made machinery and
electrical appliances for similar imported products, a certification
document testifying to the quality of the products, and report on market
demand projection for the said products; and the application shall be
examined and verified by the department concerned which shall, after
affixing its comments and seal to the application, transmit the
application to the State Economic Commission and the State Administration
of Foreign Exchange Control for examination and approval. Generally, the
period of time for the examination and approval shall not exceed two
months, and the approved items shall be promulgated by the State Economic
Commission for execution.
Article 5
The users who need the products listed in the Catalogue may place an order
directly with the enterprises, or the China Bidding Center for Machinery
and Electrical Equipment (or other bidding agencies authorized by the
State Economic Commission) shall, in accordance with the pertinent
provisions promulgated by the State, organize bidding, thus providing
advice to users for purchasing home-made products to substitute for
similar imported ones.
Article 6
Enterprises which sell machinery and electrical appliances listed in the
State catalogue of the substitution of home-made products for similar
imported goods may, with the approval of the administration of foreign
exchange control, collect part of the payment for goods in foreign
exchange, and the amount shall decrease progressively in accordance with
the rate of progress for the replacement of imported products with home-
made ones, specified in the contract or feasibility studies report.
Article 7
The bulk parts, spare parts, components, fittings and raw materials, which
the enterprises need for the production of machinery and electrical
appliances listed in the State catalogue of the substitution of home-made
products for similar imported goods, may be considered as bonded goods and
be placed under the surveillance of the Customs. Where the users enjoy
the preferential treatment of reduction of or exemption from duties when
they import the aforesaid machinery and electrical appliances directly
from abroad, the enterprises shall enjoy the same preferential treatment
of reduction of or exemption from duties when they import the said raw
materials, spare parts and components to produce similar machinery and
electrical appliances and sell them to the said users.
Article 8
The right to interpret these Measures shall reside in the State Economic
Commission.
Article 9
These Measures shall go into effect as of the date of promulgation.
Appendix
The catalogues of the first lot of machinery and electrical appliances
used in substituting for similar imported products and promulgated
simultaneously by the State Economic Commission: the first is SPECTRUM -
the control system of the centralized/decentralized type (including field
input/output installations, each station 1024 BIT data collecting set,
sequence control, programming control set, CRT operating station,
industrial controller), the enterprise that produces these products is the
Shanghai Fawkes-Polo Co. Ltd.; the second is MICONIC - B elevator (rated
speed 1.6 M/S, carrying capacity 1,000 KG), the enterprise that produces
this product is the Shanghai Elevators Factory of the China Schindler
Elevators Company.
